Urban Forestry Tree Commission

BO AR D M EM BE R S Joy Winbourne – D2, Chair Alexander Elton – D5 Joseph Johnson – D1 Robin Karoway-Waterhouse – D3 C ON T A CT URBAN FORESTRY TREE COMMISSION MEETING AGENDA • 50 Officer Manny Familia Way • Worcester, MA 01605 Wednesday December 10, 2025 @ 6:00 PM • Hours: 8:00 am to 5:00 PM Department of Parks, Recreation & Cemetery • Phone: 508-799-1190 Administrative Office – Meeting Room A • Email: 50 Officer Manny Familia Way Worcester, MA 01605 Worcestertrees@worcesterma.gov • Website: www.worcesterma.gov/parks/trees The Urban Forestry Tree Commission meeting will be held in-person at the date, time and location listed above. Meeting attendees will additionally have options to participate remotely by joining online or by The Urban Forestry Tree Commission is phone: committed to ensuring that its public meetings are accessible to all. If you need reasonable accommodations to participate in the meeting, • Use the following link to join the meeting via computer: please reach out to the staff contact listed. While boards and commissions do their best to 1) Go to www.team.com accommodate you, certain accommodation may 2) Enter Meeting ID: 249 493 372 942 3 not be available if requested within short notice of 3) Enter Password: Vk76M5bp the scheduled meeting. Requests for American Sign Language interpretation must be made 10 4) Join the meeting now business days or more in advance of the meeting. Hay disponibles servicios de interpretación y • Call 1-469-998-7682 (Access Code: 437 890 740#) otras adaptaciones con solicitud previa. ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻮرﯾﺔ وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻣﻦ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﯿﺴﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻖ‬ Note: If technological problems interrupt the virtual meeting component, the meeting will continue in-person. अनवु ◌ाद र अ6य आवसह अ'-म अनरोधपचत ◌ु उपल5ध हु6छ। Application materials may be viewed by appointment at: Interpretação e outras adaptações estão Department of Parks, Recreation & Cemetery, disponíveis mediante solicitação prévia. 50 Officer Manny Familia Way Worcester, MA 01605 between 8:00 a.m. Përkthimi dhe akomodime të tjera janë në – 3 p.m., Monday through Friday. dispozicion me kërkesë paraprake. Kasa nkyerɛaseɛ ɛne akwanya afoforɔ da hɔ For more information concerning this meeting, please contact the ma wɔn a wɔn bɛ bisa ato hɔ. Department of Parks, Recreation & Cemetery, Forestry Operations by Phiên dịch và các hỗ trợ khác có sẵn theo email at worcestertrees@worcesterma.gov or phone at 508-799-1190. yêu cầu trước. Please send written comments 3 business days or more in advance of the meeting. If you need reasonable accommodations to participate in the meeting, please reach out to the staff contact listed. While boards and DI V IS IO N S TA F F commissions do their best to accommodate you, certain accommodations may not be available if requested within short notice of the scheduled Robert C. Antonelli Jr. meeting. Requests for American Sign Language interpretation must be Commissioner/Tree Warden made 10 business days or more in advance of the meeting. Brian Breveleri, Supervisor of Forestry Para más información sobre esta reunión, comuníquese con el John Grady, Foreman Department of Parks, Recreation & Cemetery, Forestry Operations por Mily Pacheco, Staff Assistant III correo electrónico al correo worcestertrees@worcesterma.gov o por Melissa Richford, Principal Clerk teléfono al 508-799-1190. Envíe sus comentarios por escrito 3 días hábiles o más antes de la reunión. Si necesita adaptaciones razonables para participar en la reunión, comuníquese con el contacto del personal indicado en la lista. Aunque las juntas y comisiones hacen todo lo 1 U P CO MI N G M EE TI N GS posible para atenderle, algunas adaptaciones podrían no estar JANUARY 8, 2026 disponibles si se solicitan con poca anticipación a la reunión programada. Las solicitudes de interpretación de lenguaje de señas FEBRUARY 4, 2026 estadounidense deben hacerse 10 días hábiles o más antes de la reunión. MARCH 11, 2026 APRIL 8, 2026 1. Call to Order – 6:00 PM MAY 6, 2026 2. Attendance (Roll Call) JUNE 3, 2026 3. Acceptance of Minutes (October 29, 2025) 4. Public Participation (Agenda Items) A person may speak for no more than three (3) minutes in total on any item appearing on the agenda. 5. Commissioner Report a) Update on Newton Hill at Elm Park 6. Old Business The individual / organization / group who has placed an item on the agenda may speak for no more than five (5) minutes in total on the item they have submitted. a) Request of Commissioner Winbourne for the Commission to set goals for the Commission b) Request of Commissioner Winbourne on updates on EAB and successional planting strategies at Newton Hill c) BMP Review d) Review of City Ordinances e) Request of Commissioner Winborne to finalize a tree species list to submit to planning. 7. New Business Agenda items must be submitted three (3) business days before each Commission meeting with subject line “Agenda Item” to Worcestertrees@worcesterma.gov and reply satisfactorily to any required follow-up requests sent by the Parks and Recreation Commission. The individual / organization / group who has placed an item on the agenda may speak for no more than five (5) minutes in total on the item they have submitted. a) Request of Commissioner Elton to discuss Beech Leaf Disease b) Request of Commissioner Johnson to discuss Strengthening Structural Coordination between 2  the UFTC and the Worcester Planning Board. c) 8. Tabled Business To take an item off the table, a motion must be made by a member of the Commission, seconded and approved by a majority vote of the members present. The item can then be discussed at the next meeting a) Request of Commissioner Winborne to discuss current board organization. 9. Meeting Adjourned (Roll Call) 3 WORCESTER TREE MANUAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES May 2025 (Draft) Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 1 SECTION I. TREE PLANTING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ................................................... 3 1.1. PLANNING FOR TREE PLANTING ............................................................................................ 4 1.2. LOCATION SELECTION ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3. TREE PLANTING ....................................................................................................................... 8 SECTION II. TREE PRESERVATION & PROTECTION BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ..............................12 2.1. PLANNING & DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 14 2.2. TREE PROTECTION DETAILS, SPECIFICATIONS & REQUIREMENTS .................................... 20 2.3. PROTECTION MEASURES AND GRADING SPECIFICATIONS FOR APPROVED CHANGES IN TREE PROTECTION ZONE ............................................................................................................ 23 2.4. CONSTRUCTION AND POST CONSTRUCTION INSPECTIONS AND OVERSIGHT ................ 28 2.5. ENFORCEMENT AND PENALTIES.......................................................................................... 31 APPENDIX 2-A. RANKING TREE SPECIES’ TOLERANCE TO DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS ............... 32 APPENDIX 2-B. TREE PROTECTION SIGNAGE EXAMPLES .......................................................... 34 SECTION III. SIDEWALK DESIGN BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES............................................................35 3.1. SIDEWALK DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 36 3.2. SOIL ENGINEERING & ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS ................................................................ 48 3.3. PREVENTATIVE STRATEGIES TO AVOID SIDEWALK DAMAGE ............................................. 50 3.4. REMEDIAL STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS EXISTING SIDEWALK DAMAGE ............................... 52 APPENDIX 3-C. SELECTED HARDY TREES FOR CONTAINERS ..................................................... 53 SECTION IV. TREE PRUNING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ...................................................................54 4.1 TREE PRUNING PRACTICES .................................................................................................... 55 4.2 TREE PRUNING SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................................... 55 4.3 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ........................................................................................................... 57 4.4 PRUNING YOUNG TREES ....................................................................................................... 58 SECTION V. TREE INSPECTION & RISK ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................60 5.1 INITIATION ................................................................................................................................. 60 5.2 ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................................. 60 5.3 MAINTENANCE PLAN .................................................................................................................. 62 5.4 RESPONSE ................................................................................................................................. 63 5.5 CLOSURE ................................................................................................................................... 63 Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) INTRODUCTION The Worcester Tree Best Management Practices (BMP) Manual serves as a guide for promoting the effective management and care of trees in the city of Worcester. Developed as a resource, this manual provides guidelines and strategies based on urban forestry industry standards and best management practices for tree planting, maintenance, and preservation. The manual is based on the following industry standards and guidelines: • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A300, Tree Care Operations Standards • ANSI Z133 Arboricultural and Operations Standards • International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Tree Planting Best Management Practices • ISA Tree Pruning Best Management Practices • ISA Managing Trees During Construction – Best Management Practices • Worcester DPW&P Standard Specifications and Details By adhering to the practices outlined in this manual, Worcester aims to foster a healthy, well-maintained, and vibrant urban forest, enhancing the quality of life for residents and promoting a sustainable and greener environment for generations to come. The report is organized into the following sections: Section I: Tree Planting provides guidelines and recommendations for proper tree planting techniques. It covers aspects such as site selection, soil preparation, tree species selection, planting depth, and post-planting care. Section II. Tree Preservation & Protection focuses on the preservation and protection of existing trees during construction and development projects. It outlines strategies for safeguarding trees from damage, such as root disturbance, compaction, and mechanical injury. The section also provides guidance on implementing protective measures like fencing and tree preservation zones to minimize the impact of construction activities on the health and stability of trees. Section III. Sidewalk Design addresses the relationship between tree planting and sidewalk design. It provides recommendations on designing sidewalks in a way that accommodates tree growth and minimizes potential conflicts between tree roots and infrastructure. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 1 Section V. Tree Pruning covers the best practices for tree pruning, which is an essential aspect of tree care and maintenance. It includes guidelines for proper pruning techniques, timing, and objectives. The section also addresses specific considerations, such as pruning near utility lines and pruning to enhance tree structure, health, and aesthetics. Section V. Tree Inspection & Risk Assessment outlines the City of Worcester’s tree inspection and assessment process for resident service requests. It describes the City’s procedures for conducting tree inspections, assessing tree health and risk, and determining a tree’s maintenance plan. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 2 SECTION I. TREE PLANTING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Properly planting trees is essential to maintaining and growing Worcester’s urban forest. Regularly planting trees is necessary to increase tree canopy cover and to replace trees removed for a variety of reasons, such as damage, decline, disease, age, and construction. Unlike other city infrastructure, Worcester’s trees grow in value with age, providing more environmental, economic, and societal benefits each year. Trees planted in Worcester face a wide variety of challenges, and proper planting practices can significantly increase a young tree’s chances of survival. Good planting practices can also minimize potential public safety hazards caused by improperly planted trees. The City of Worcester’s tree planting program plants only within the public Right of Way (ROW); tree planting for the City shall be performed and specified according to ANSI A300 Part 6 standards, the tree planting detail, and the following specifications. Topics covered in this section: 1.1. Planning for tree planting 1.2. Location selection 1.3. Tree planting Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 3 1.1. PLANNING FOR TREE PLANTING Planting season Trees should be planted in their dormant season before bud break or after leaf drop. Early spring (street and park trees) and late fall (private property and park trees) are recommended due to cool temperatures and ample moisture. Based on tree survival rates in Worcester, street trees planted in the spring have better chances of establishment when compared to trees planted in the fall, likely due to winter damage from snow plows, shovels, road salt and sand. Early spring street tree planting also allows time for new root growth before summer heat. Trees planted during the active growing season may require additional care to become established. Species selection Selecting the right tree for the right place is critical to ensure tree health and limit future conflicts with infrastructure. Worcester’s Annual Approved Street Tree List provides species suited to Worcester’s current and future climate, but many other factors must also be considered when choosing a tree for a specific location. Considerations include site-specific environmental conditions, surrounding utilities) and other possible obstructions to root, stem, or crown growth, maintenance requirements, availability, and more (Figure 1.1.1). Figure 1.1.1. Right Tree, Right Place Illustration (Source: Arbor Day Foundation) Figure 1.1.1. Arbor Day Foundation – Right Tree, Right Place diagram Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 4 Tree stock Trees planted should meet or exceed American Standards for Nursery Stock (ANSI Z60.1- 2004) at the time of planting. Trees should be balled and burlapped, with a minimum 2.5- inch caliper. All new plant material shall be free of disease and mechanical injury of any type. When purchasing trees, inspect for quality stock considering the following: • Root ball size and quality – tree shall be centered in the root ball • Trunk flare condition and location • Crown shape and branching structure – shall be fully representative of its species in shape and branching form • Damage to trunk or branches • Foliage color and density, signs of significant stress, insects, or disease Protect the tree’s crown and root system from damage and wind during transport. Ensure the root ball remains moist until the date of planting. 1.2. LOCATION SELECTION Soil volume and type The following minimum soil volumes, by mature tree size, are recommended: Small Trees: 300 cubic feet Medium Trees: 600 cubic feet Large Trees: 1,000 cubic feet Note: These are minimum soil volumes. The amount of uncompacted soil for trees to grow should be as large as possible. Streetscape redesign and infrastructure replacement projects provide an ideal opportunity to incorporate trees and adequate soil volume into the planning and design phases. There are also technologies to assist in maximizing rooting space available for trees (see Sidewalk Design BMP section). Soil pH, structure, texture, density, nutrients, and percolation should be assessed prior to planting. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 5 Drainage must be adequate for the species being planted. Solving drainage issues is essential for long-term tree health, as saturated soil restricts tree root’s ability to access oxygen necessary for growth and survival. Methods for addressing drainage issues include: • If a well-drained layer of soil exists beneath a poorly drained layer, drill a vertical hole through the poorly drained layer and fill it with gravel or coarse sand to provide a path for water to flow to the well-drained layer. • Use a perforated pipe or other product designed to create drainage channels. This approach works well for trees on a slope – a 3-inch fall per 100 feet of pipe is the minimum slope needed for adequate water flow. • If excess water cannot be drained away, it is best to choose a species tolerant of poorly drained soil or to forego planting at the site. Locate Underground Utilities The location of utilities, and other below and above ground obstructions, must be assessed prior to planting. At least three working days prior to any digging, 811 (Dig Safe) is required to be contacted to locate any underground utilities in the area of planting. Contact Dig Safe by calling 811 or visiting their website at http://www.digsafe.com/. Representatives/contractors of the utility companies will visit the site and mark the location of underground utilities to highlight any conflicts that may exist. Adjust planting location based on minimum distance recommendations (Table 1.2.1). Table 1.2.1. Minimum tree planting distance from infrastructure and assets. Minimum distance Object from center of trunk Corner of street intersection 30 feet Stop sign 20 feet Fire hydrant 20 feet Streetlight or utility pole 15 feet Building 15 feet Driveway or crosswalk 10 feet Other traffic signs 6 feet Underground utilities 5 feet Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 6 Assess planting space Table 1.2.1 provides the minimum distances required for trees to be planted away from varying infrastructure. It is critical to also assess distance from nearby road signage to avoid future obstruction. Overhead utilities Species with heights greater than or equal to 25 feet (at maturity) should not be planted underneath or within 20 feet of any overhead utility to avoid future conflict. Planting new trees following tree removal The site of a former tree or stump should not be considered for replanting for at least five years following stump grinding. An adjacent available site, 6-to-8 feet away from the site of the former stump, is acceptable. Planting a new tree in the vicinity of a recently ground-out stump is not acceptable for several reasons including: • Soil settling within and near the stump cavity is expected as decomposition occurs. • Pathogens affecting the health of the former tree may still be present in the soil. • Available soil depth and mineral content is limited affecting nutrient uptake and tree stability. • Stump grindings have a high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, restricting nitrogen availability for a new tree. Tree spacing Distance between existing and planned trees must be assessed before planting. When choosing planting locations of public trees, trees growing on private property should also be considered to avoid crowding and future conflicts. Table 1.2.2. Minimum distance to be spaced between trees. Tree size (height at Minimum spacing distance maturity) between trees Large (>45 feet) 40 feet Medium (31-45 feet) 30 feet Small (<30 feet) 20 feet Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 7 1.3. TREE PLANTING All tree plantings should be specified and performed according to the most recent ANSI A300 Part 6 standards. At least one person who is thoroughly familiar and knowledgeable with best practices for proper delivery, handling, and installation of the type of trees being planted shall be present at all times during the execution of the work. Identify trunk flare The trunk flare is where the tree's trunk expands to form roots. The flare's location determines the depth of the planting hole, making its identification a critical first step. It can be found by identifying the highest non-fibrous root which can often be found buried underneath soil. If this is the case, the soil above the trunk flare or highest non-fibrous root should be removed. Prepare hole The depth of the hole shall be from the bottom of the trunk flare to the bottom of the root ball and shall not exceed the depth of the root ball. Planting too deeply deprives the tree of oxygen, causing stress as well as the potential growth of unsupportive adventitious roots from the trunk. The soil directly beneath the root ball should be undisturbed or compacted to prevent settling. The width of the hole should be at least 1.5 times the width of the root ball, and wider in poor-quality soils. The sides of the planting hole should be loose soil, which can be achieved using a shovel. Prepare tree for planting Tree shall not be removed from its container by pulling its trunk, but rather by bending, wiggling, or cutting the container. Fabric and burlap should be cut away after being placed in the hole. Inspect the tree’s roots. Prune any girdling roots growing around the trunk flare, fibrous roots above the trunk flare, or circling roots that cannot be straightened, removing no more than 20% of the roots. To avoid moisture loss, do not leave the exposed root ball out for an extended period, especially in direct sunlight. Inspect the crown, pruning any dead or damaged branches. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 8 Placing the tree Place the tree in the hole, ensuring that it is centered, then check that the bottom of the trunk flare is at or just above grade. Add or remove soil beneath the root ball as needed to align the bottom of the root flare with grade. Always move the tree by its root ball to avoid damage to its roots. Fill hole Stabilize the root ball by tamping soil firmly around its base. Add the remaining backfill soil in layers, about 6 inches at a time. Lightly tamp or thoroughly water each layer to limit future settling and prevent air pockets. If the soil is dry, apply water after each layer is tamped. Backfill shall not be compacted to a density that inhibits root growth. Backfill soil should be similar to the soil at the planting site or amended if needed. Organic amendment incorporated should not exceed 10% by volume. Berm Build a berm circling the outside edge of the root ball with the remaining soil. The berm must be a minimum of 3 inches high and 3 inches wide. This structure will encourage water to stay close to the root ball and will act as a barrier from lawnmowers and foot traffic. Berms should be monitored routinely and weeded or rebuilt as needed. Stake tree, as necessary Trees establish more quickly and develop stronger root systems and trunks without stakes. If the site is windy or vandalism is a concern, stake the tree with two wooden stakes placed on opposite sides of the tree (Figure 1.3.1). Attach nylon strapping or fabric ties to the stake and around the tree. To develop a strong taper, ties should be loose enough so the tree crown moves up to three times the trunk diameter in the wind, and taut enough that the trunk cannot rub the stakes. Stakes and straps should be adjusted regularly as needed and removed after 1-year or one full growing season, whichever is longer. Straps that are tied around the trunk too tightly or are left on the tree too long may girdle fast-growing young trees. Damage caused by improper placement or use of stakes/straps may result in replacement of the tree. Water Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 9 Using low water pressure, apply water until the root ball is thoroughly moist immediately following installation. Lawn sprinklers are not an acceptable method of irrigation for newly planted trees; a hose, soaker hose, or bucket are recommended to ensure deep-root watering. Stationary watering methods, such as Treegator® bags or Tree Diaper® systems, may be considered as a long-term watering method, following the initial hand-watering immediately after planting. Providing adequate water to young trees is the single most beneficial action that can be taken to ensure establishment. Trees require consistent, thorough watering for at least three years after planting. Under watering and over watering trees often cause irreversible damage, so it is recommended to test the soil’s water holding capacity in order to establish an effective irrigation plan. However, the amount and frequency of watering will change with species, soil type, seasons, and stage of establishment, making it important to check moisture levels continually. In hot summer months, up to 10 gallons of water per caliper inch may be needed, while that amount can typically be reduced by 50% in cooler months. Mulch Apply shredded hardwood mulch or wood chips 2-4 inches deep over the filled hole and berm, leaving 5 inches around the trunk clear from mulch to avoid excess moisture against the trunk. Shredded hardwood mulch shall be free of any extraneous material such as soil, stones, construction debris, or any other deleterious matter. Replenish mulch as needed to keep soil moist, nutrient-rich, and temperature regulated. Do not exceed a >4 inch depth of the mulch. Figure 1.3.1 Tree Mulching (Source: USDA Forest Service – Tree Owner’s Manual) Post-Planting Upon completing the tree installation, the entire area must be cleaned up so as to leave a neat and orderly appearance free from debris and other objectionable materials. At the end of the 120 day establishment period, formal written acceptance from the City Supervisor of Forestry/Parks Department stating that tree plantings and their care and maintenance has been completed by the Contractor in all respects and in accordance with the tree specifications shall be required. After the establishment period, the Contractor Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 10 shall guarantee that all trees shall be in good health and flourishing condition two (2) years from date of acceptance. The Contractor shall note that the guarantee period of two (2) years begins at the end of the establishment period after acceptance from the City Supervisor of Forestry/Parks Department. Post-planting care should consist of watering, mulching, integrated pest management, soil management, and adjustment and removal of stakes. If a contractor is used, these responsibilities shall be specified in the contract specification. Figure 1.3.1. Tree Planting Detail. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 11 SECTION II. TREE PRESERVATION & PROTECTION BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The Tree Preservation and Protection Best Management Practices and Standards detailed in this document are intended to preserve and protect Worcester's public street and park trees from damage caused by construction, excavation, and grading. Impacts to trees caused by these activities include: • Physical damage to tree trunks, branches, foliage, and roots caused by equipment, storing materials, or spilling chemicals. • Soil compaction, which degrades functioning roots, inhibits new root growth, and restricts drainage by driving, parking, or storing equipment and materials in tree root zones. • Soil composition and hydrology alteration through site grading and the removal of native soils around trees during construction impacts the ability of roots to access water and nutrients. • Microclimate changes by exposing previously sheltered trees to sun and/or wind. All construction activities within the City of Worcester must adhere to the standards set forth in this best management practices manual, which are predicated on the standards of the most recent ANSI A300 Part 5 and associated ISA BMP Manual, as well as applicable OSHA standards, ANSI Z133, and state and local laws and regulations as they apply. • ANSI A300 Part 5: American National Standard for Tree Care Operations - Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Management - Standard Practices (Management of Trees and Shrubs During Site Planning, Site Development, and Construction) from the American National Standards Institute. • ISA BMP Manual: International Society of Arboriculture’s Best Management Practices - Managing Trees During Construction, Third Edition, a companion publication to ANSI A300 Part 5. • OSHA: Federal and State Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards ensure safe working conditions for workers. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 12  • ANSI Z133: The Arboricultural Operations – Safety Requirements Standards from the American National Standards Institute contains arboricultural safety requirements for pruning, maintaining, and removing trees, as well as for using the applicable equipment. The following information intends to guide City of Worcester Crews and Contractors in properly protecting trees during construction within the public Right of Way (ROW) according to industry standards and City regulations. The City does not conduct construction on private property. Topics covered in this section: 2.1 Planning & Design 2. 2 Tree protection details, specifications & requirements 2.3. Protection measures and grading specifications for approved changes in tree protection zone 2.4. Construction and post construction inspections and oversight 2.5. Enforcement and penalties Appendix 2-A. Ranking tree species’ tolerance to development impacts Appendix 2-B. Tree protection signage examples Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 13 2.1. PLANNING & DESIGN CONDITION = HEALTH + STRUCTURE The International Society of The Contractor shall be solely responsible for Arboriculture’s Best Management Practices judging the full extent of the work – Managing Trees During Construction requirements, including, but not limited to any includes a tree conservation worksheet equipment and materials necessary for that can be used to evaluate trees for providing tree protection. The following must be preservation and protection. completed prior to construction of the Tree Protection Plan. Condition Description Tree shows no major Coordination problems. There may be Engineering and design project teams shall some dead twigs or small work with the Worcester Tree Warden, City branches, minor scuffs in the Forester, or their designee at the project's initial Good bark that don't penetrate to design stage. The Contractor shall retain the the wood, or a slight services of an ISA and/or Massachusetts disease/insect issue that is Certified Arborist, with demonstrated primarily cosmetic. experience in construction protection, who shall Tree may have some issues make recommendations as to the specific which are likely to improve appropriate treatment of trees within or near with time or maintenance the work zone. Prior to start of work, the (e.g., dead branches >2” Contractor shall submit the name, certification Fair diameter that can be number and resume of the Arborist to the removed during pruning, Engineer. minor trunk wounds that the tree can seal over time). Initial Site Visit Tree shows no signs of life or The Consultant/Contractor and Arborist shall has major issues that cannot walk the site with the Engineer and Tree be corrected with time or Warden, City Forester, or their designee to Poor maintenance (e.g., large identify potential tree impacts, trees of special sections of dead canopy, concern for preservation, and trees that are in decay cavities in the stem or poor/dead condition that will require roots). removal.Error! Bookmark not defined. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 14 Tree & Site Assessment A plan sheet with existing tree conditions shall be provided to the Tree Warden or designee. The following shall be included in the existing tree conditions plan sheet based on ANSI standards: a. Limits of project disturbance b. All trees in the right-of-way regardless of size, shall be inventoried. In forested/wooded areas, trees 6-inches or greater diameter at breast height (DBH - 4.5-feet from the ground) shall be inventoried. a. If forested/wooded areas are not proposed to be disturbed only trees within 50-feet of the limits of disturbance need to be inventoried. A description of the wooded/forested area must be provided. c. For each tree the following information shall be collected: a. tree tag number or tree inventory number, location (GPS, map reference, coordinates), species (common and botanical names), size (DBH) and condition (good, fair, poor, dead), and suitability for preservation. b. Tree survey shall be provided in a chart on the site assessment sheet. d. Each tree shall be numbered and tagged by flagging tape with the tree number written on it with permanent/non-fading marker for projects that will take less than one-year to complete. e. Tree and site assessments will be valid for 3 years. Table 2.1.1. Example tree survey data. Tree Tag # / Worcester Size Suitability for Species (Botanical) Species (Common) Condition Tree (DBH) Preservation Inventory # Thornless 35464 Gleditsia triacanthos 4” Fair Moderate Honeylocust 35359 Quercus palustris Pin oak 13” Fair High Acer campestre Hedge maple 3” Poor Low 17230 Tree Protection Plan Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 15 All trees are to be protected unless approved for removal. The following requirements, based on ANSI & ISA BMP standards, shall be included in the Tree Protection Plan. For detailed specifications to assist with tree protection plan development see Section II, Tree Protection Details, Specifications & Requirements. The requirements include: a. Site assessment base layer b. Tree inventory data c. Identification of trees proposed for preservation and location(s) of tree protection zone (TPZ) d. Identification of trees proposed for removal e. Location and description of TPZ fencing and other tree protection measures, as required f. Location and description of protection measures required for reduced TPZ’s, if approved. g. Tree care and maintenance plan with proposed activities to improve conditions before, during, or after construction (e.g., pruning to provide clearance, root pruning, mulching, irrigation) h. Required mitigation for trees to be removed, if applicable i. Language that addresses responsibility for tree damage mitigation, tree valuation, and tree replacement j. Location of the following: a. Utility and drainage corridors b. Grading and excavation c. Material, soil storage and debris piles d. Limits of disturbance/ equipment routes on site e. Construction area access (exit and entry points) f. Parking for construction and personal vehicles g. Fueling, mixing, and concrete washout areas h. Sediment control barriers (silt fence) k. Consequences for non-compliance Submittal and Review All projects will require a Street Opening Permit from the DPW. To obtain a permit, the existing conditions plan, and tree protection plan shall be submitted for review. The Tree Warden shall review the plan to ensure that public shade trees are protected to the full extent feasible from damage during construction, street and sidewalk repair, utilities work above and below ground, and other similar activities. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 16  Tree Protection Zone A TPZ is an area established to prevent injury to a tree’s critical root zone (CRZ), or the area extending from the trunk that encompasses the roots most vital to the tree’s health (Figure 1). To determine the CRZ: the radius of the CRZ, measured from the outside of the tree trunk, shall be calculated as at least 1.5 feet for every 1 inch in trunk diameter measured 4.5’ above ground (DSH). A Tree Protection Zone (TPZ) is an area designated to protect a tree’s CRZ in which construction activities are restricted. The size of each tree’s TPZ is defined based on species tolerance (Appendix 2-A); expected impact of construction activities; tree size, age, and health; soil conditions (moisture, texture, density); and site constraints. In the case of street trees with limited space, the outline of a tree well or planter strip in a paved area may be the TPZ (Figures 4-6). The size of the TPZ is the decision of the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee. TPZ barriers shall be installed in the specified locations with signs to alert contractors about the protected status of the TPZ. The following activities are prohibited within the TPZ of public street and park trees unless approved by the Tree Warden, City Forester (Department of Public Works and Parks), or their designee1: • Trenching, grading, excavation or digging; • Root cutting; • Storage of vehicles, construction equipment, debris, or soil; • Exhaust or excessive heat directed towards trees’ foliage, branches, or trunks; • Foot or vehicular traffic; • Disposal of wash water, fuels, chemicals or other harmful substances; and, • Attaching signs to or wrapping materials around trees. Figure 2.1.1. A proportionally accurate depiction of a root span of a tree, which span well beyond the dripline of its canopy. Image Source: Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 17  Figure 2.1.2. Tree protection zone (TPZ) area and fencing. Source: Urban Tree Foundation. Figure 2.1.3. Standard critical root zone and tree protection zone areas. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 18  Figure 2.1.4. Scenario 1 – Critical root zone and modified tree protection zone of a tree located in a right-of-way site abutting private property. Figure 2.1.5. Scenario 2 – Critical root zone and modified tree protection zone of a tree located in a tree lawn within the right-of-way site. Figure 2.1.6. Scenario 3 – Critical root zone and modified tree protection zone of a tree located in a tree lawn within a right-of-way near utilities and driveway installation. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 19 2.2. TREE PROTECTION DETAILS, SPECIFICATIONS & REQUIREMENTS All tree protection measures shall be installed prior to any construction activities beginning, including, but not limited to, site preparation, grading, grubbing, clearing, and staging activities. Tree protection measures shall be in place and inspected by the City of Worcester before any tree removal, stump removal, clearing, grading, excavation, demolition, or any other construction-related activities begins. Tree Protection Fencing Tree fencing shall be erected before construction begins and remain in place until final inspection of the project. For street trees, fencing should be installed along the edge of the tree lawn or right-of-way that is unpaved (see examples in Appendix 2-B). Plastic Fencing A minimum 4-feet high, plastic, heavy duty snow/warning barrier fencing in high-visibility orange color. Fences shall be attached to posts with a zip tie at the top and bottom and shall have a minimum of three ties for a 4-foot high fence or four times for a 6-foot high fence. Posts Safety fence posts not more than 8 feet apart, set or driven 1-1.5 feet deep into the ground without concrete footings. Where a post is located on existing paving or concrete to remain, provide appropriate means of post support acceptable to the City. Entrances Access entrances/gates that are clearly marked with signage and are a different color than the tree protection fencing for visibility. Signage Prominent signage displayed on each fence stating that entrance and removal of fence are prohibited without authorization (examples shown in Appendix 2-B). Signs shall be posted along the tree protection fence at regular intervals every 30-feet, or centered if the fence is less than 50-feet. Do not affix signs to trees themselves. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 20 Erosion and Siltation Control If a tree is in the immediate proximity to a grade slope of 8% (23⁰) or more, then erosion control or silt barriers that are in accordance with Worcester’s DPW Standard Specifications & Details manual and approved by the Tree Warden or their designee shall be installed outside the TPZ to prevent siltation and/or erosion within the TPZ. The Contractor shall provide all labor, tools, equipment, and material required to install, maintain, and remove all siltation control measures shown on the approved plans, or at the direction of the contract officer. Temporary Irrigation Trees should be monitored for signs of drought including leaf curling, wilting, leaf drop, early fall color, and dieback of branches or leader and mitigated with supplemental irrigation as required by the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee. Temporary irrigation may be required at the discretion and direction of the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee in locations where tree roots will be exposed for extended periods of time during construction. Tree Pruning Prior to construction, it is recommended to remove dead, diseased, or dying branches to reduce the risks of limb failure. Crown raising may be necessary for construction equipment to gain access to an area; other options include lifting lower branches with ropes, cables, or straps, or supporting with props. All approved pruning must adhere to the following standards, as well as those outlined in Section IV of this manual: 1. The Contractor shall retain the services of an ISA Certified and/or Massachusetts State Certified Arborist to perform any cutting or pruning of limbs. 2. All cuts shall be clean and executed with an approved tool. 3. Wounds shall not be painted. 4. If the type of pruning is left unspecified in the Tree Protection Plan, the standard pruning shall be ‘crown cleaning’ as defined by International Society of Arboriculture Pruning Guidelines. 5. Maximum Pruning: No more than 25% of the functioning leaf and stem area may be removed within one calendar year of any protected tree, or removal of foliage so as to cause the unbalancing of the tree. Maximum pruning should only occur in the rarest situation approved by the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 21 Tree & Stump Removal Removal of identified trees shall be done by an ISA Certified and/or Massachusetts State Certified Arborist in a skillful manner to avoid above-or below-ground damage to the trees that remain. Before performing stump extraction, the roots that may be entangled with trees that are to remain should be considered – these stumps shall have their roots severed before extracting the stump. Removal shall include the grinding of the stump and roots to a minimum depth of 12 inches below sidewalk grade. Any root material within the sidewalk shall be considered part of the stump and therefore removed. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 22 2.3. PROTECTION MEASURES AND GRADING SPECIFICATIONS FOR APPROVED CHANGES IN TREE PROTECTION ZONE All changes to the size of a TPZ or any construction activities within a TPZ must be approved by the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee. Where grading or other disturbance is permitted within a TPZ, extra protection measures must be implemented to protect the CRZ of the tree(s). Tree Protection Fence Required fencing specifications as detailed above. See Figure 2.3.1 for fence placement on sites without space for full TPZ to be fenced. Trunk Protection Trunk protection is necessary when construction activities are close enough to cause mechanical damage to the tree’s trunk or buttress roots. Trunk protection shall be 2’x4’ cladding, at least 8 feet in length from the tree’s base, clad together with wire (alternative materials shall be at the approval of the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee). No fasteners shall be driven into the tree. Burlap shall be used to separate trunk cladding from bark. The barrier can be installed at an angle to protect the trunk, trunk flare, and buttress roots. Adjustments may be needed if protection is needed during periods of trunk growth. Surface Protection If construction activities cannot be kept outside a TPZ, surface protection measures shall be established to reduce soil compaction and prevent root damage. Measures may vary depending on equipment type and frequency of use, and must be approved by the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee. Measures may include, but are not limited to: • Applying 6-12 inches of wood chip mulch to the area. Wood chips shall conform to provisions of Wood Chip Mulch under MassDOT Highway Division Standard Specifications for Highways and Bridges Materials Section M6.04.3. • Laying >¾ inch thickness plywood, beams, commercial logging, or road mats over a >4 inch thick layer of wood chip mulch. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 23 Any of the above actions shall be performed manually. Any mulch, plywood, or other material used that exceeds 4 inches must be removed from the TPZ immediately after the potentially hazardous activity has concluded. Excavation Where excavation within the TPZ is unavoidable, the Contractor shall use equipment and methods that shall minimize damage to the tree roots, per recommendations of the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee. Excavation methods permitted inside the TPZ are limited to hand digging, hydraulic or pneumatic air excavation. Roots >2-inches in diameter must be tunneled under. Boring machines that can tunnel under root systems are the preferred alternative to trenching when installing pipes or wires. If possible, these machines should be set up outside the drip line of the tree because they often require a hole to be dug for operation. Prior to soil excavation near trees, roots should be pruned or cleanly cut at the excavation limit, outside the TPZ. If boring from one side of a tree to the other, the boring hole needs to be offset from the trunk’s center to avoid damaging its tap or oblique roots; if not feasible, boring must be a minimum of 4 feet below grade (Figure 8).Error! Bookmark not defined. The distance of offset and the length of the boring hole are based on the trunk diameter of the tree (Table 2.3.1). The length of the bored hole should be at least 12 times the trunk diameter, with the midpoint based on the location of the trunk.Error! Bookmark not defined. Excavation should then be performed below root depth at 2-3 feet. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 24 Figure 2.3.1. Required boring depth. Source: Urban Tree Foundation. Table 2.3.1. Minimum distances for offset and length of boring hole relative to tree’s DBH.Error! Bookmark not defined. Trunk Diameter (DBH) Minimum Offset Minimum Length of Bore Hole Distance from Trunk 2” 1 ft 2 ft 3” 2 ft 3 ft 5” 5 ft 5 ft 10” 8 ft 10 ft 15” 12 ft 15 ft 20” 15 ft 20 ft Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 25 Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 26 If boring cannot be used and trenching is required, the following specifications must be met: 1. All trenching shall be located outside TPZs. 2. If a reduction in a TPZ’s size has been approved, a minimum distance will be determined. 3. Prior to any root cutting the Contractor shall contact the City for approval. 4. Excavation within the TPZ should be avoided during hot, dry weather. Utilities that cannot be routed outside the TPZ should be installed by tunneling under or other methods to avoid root damage. Utilities should be installed far enough from existing trees to avoid future tree damage during utility repair and should be routed in a common trench or conduit or grouped as closely as permitted. Grading Grade changes, even if slight, have the potential to greatly impact a tree’s health. Grading within the TPZ is prohibited unless approved by the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee. Grade changes outside of the TPZ shall not significantly alter drainage to the tree. For circumstances where grade changes have been approved within a TPZ, the following specifications shall be followed for each activity: 1. Soil Fill: method of placing native soil where existing grade is <2 inches below elevation of finish grade. a. Place soil in a single un-compacted layer and hand grade to the required finish elevation. It is important to keep fill soil as far from the trunk and in as thin a layer as possible. b. Coarse-textured soil is best for water and air movement. Soil moisture should be monitored and remain hydrated. c. No more than 6 inches fill is allowed unless mitigated. Mitigation can include a retaining wall 3x the diameter of the tree, permanent aeration systems or other approved alternatives. 2. Soil Cut: method of building a retaining wall around (or on the one side being graded) the tree to maintain the grade within TPZ. a. Refer to Table 2.3.1 for minimum radius of distance from trunk to retaining wall. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 27  b. Walls that encircle a tree may eliminate soil volume available to roots outside, therefore trees may need supplemental irrigation. c. No more than 4 inches of existing soil shall be removed from natural grade (cut) unless mitigated by retaining wall or an equivalent technique. Soil Compaction Mitigation Soil that is damaged or compacted shall be loosened or aerated to promote root growth and enhance tree vitality. One of the following aeration methods shall be specified an in effort to correct compacted soil conditions, as specified by the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee: • Vertical mulching, by auguring holes (2-4 inches wide and 12-18 inches deep, 1-3 feet apart starting approximately 2-3 feet from the trunk and extending to the dripline) and backfilling with porous material such as gravel, sand, perlite, or peat moss. • Radial trenching using an air excavator to excavate a soil trench (3-6 inches wide and >12 inches deep starting approximately 3 feet from the trunk and extending to the dripline) and add a 2-3 inches application of organic mulch. Trenches shall radiate out from one foot apart at the closest point. • Soil-fracturing and subsurface injections with a pneumatic air-driven device to increase pore space in the soil. 3.7 Trunk Injury Mitigation Trunk injury mitigation may only be performed if approved by Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee – all work must be performed by an ISA Certified Arborist. In most cases of trunk or branch damage, it is best to remove loose bark, cutting jagged edges with a sharp knife or chisel and being careful to leave as much firmly attached bark intact as possible. This can be performed during the post-construction phase. 2.4. CONSTRUCTION AND POST CONSTRUCTION INSPECTIONS AND OVERSIGHT Failure to comply with the standards, restrictions, conditions, and mitigation measures of the Tree Protection Plan and this Tree Preservation and Protection Best Management Practices Manual will result in the issuance of a stop work order and may result in the imposition of fines and/or penalties. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 28 All fencing, trunk protection, branch protection, and woodchips shall be maintained throughout the duration of the contract. The Contractor shall be held responsible for the health and survival of the existing trees in the immediate vicinity of the construction area. Damage that can be remedied by corrective measures shall be repaired immediately per the Tree Warden’s judgment. Tree Health Monitoring During Construction Monitoring the site on a specified schedule is necessary during the construction phase to ensure compliance with tree protection measures. Monitoring tree health, soil moisture, and/or tree damage should be a priority during these site visits so damage can be documented and mitigated, and work plans can be adjusted as needed. Mulch Organic mulch, such as wood chips, is an effective way to protect tree health by conserving soil moisture, moderating soil temperature, eliminating turf competition, promoting soil nutrients, and reducing soil compaction. If mulch is used it should be maintained at 2-4 inches deep within the TPZ throughout the duration of construction activities and NOT piled on the trunk. The Contractor must replace mulch for all trees impacted by construction upon completion of the project. Foliage If leaves begin to yellow, wilt, or die, foliar samples should collected be done to determine causes. If nutrient deficiencies are found, consultation with the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee shall be done to determine mitigation activities (i.e., fertilization). Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 29 Pests and Diseases The stress induced by construction has been shown to increase the susceptibility of certain tree species to pests. Integrated Pest Management strategies should be employed where a non-lethal pest population exists to minimize damage of trees left vulnerable from the stressors of construction. Post-Construction After all construction activities are complete, all materials shall be removed and disposed of off-site by the Contractor.Error! Bookmark not defined. A City arborist will conduct a site inspection at project completion to ensure all preserved trees are in good condition. Any damage or decline in condition of any of the impacted trees will result in the penalties outlined in Section 2.5 of this manual The health and condition of preserved trees on site shall continue to be monitored by the contractor’s Arborist after construction activities for a period of 3 years, or at the discretion of the Tree Warden or their designee. All trees must be provided with ample water and mulch throughout the duration of this time. Treatments such as fertilization or pruning may be required at the direction of the Tree Warden or their designee. If tree removal is necessary, the Arborist shall recommend replacement species suited to the site for approval by the Tree Warden. The City may require development of a long-term tree maintenance plan for preserved and newly planted trees. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 30 2.5. ENFORCEMENT AND PENALTIES The Contractor is responsible for the protection of all existing trees and plants, within and immediately adjacent to the construction area that are not designated to be removed, for the length of the construction period.Error! Bookmark not defined. Public Shade Trees shall be protected to the full extent feasible from damage during construction, street and sidewalk repair, utilities work above and below ground, and other similar activities.Error! Bookmark not defined. All construction activities must be in accordance with the requirements of G.L. c. 87 (MA General Law 87) and the City of Worcester’s Chapter 12 Section 28 ordinance, Protection of Public Trees, which state: 1. Public shade trees shall not be cut, trimmed or removed by any person other than the Tree Warden or their deputy, even if they are the owner of the land on which such tree is situated, except upon a permit in writing from the Tree Warden. The Tree Warden may authorize an individual or entity to cut, trim or remove a Public Shade Tree if said individual or entity is an ISA Certified Arborist and provides evidence of insurance acceptable to the city. 2. No Public Shade Tree or Park Tree shall be topped. Trees damaged by storms or other causes, or particular trees under utility wires or other obstructions where other pruning practices are impractical may be topped with the prior written approval of the Tree Warden. Any person who violates these provisions, upon being found guilty of violation, shall be subject to a fine not more than $300.00 dollars for each separate offense per the City of Worcester Tree Ordinance. Each day during which any violation of the provisions of this section shall occur or continue shall be a separate offense.Error! Bookmark not defined. If a healthy public shade tree is damaged, destroyed or for any reason removed without the consent of the Tree Warden, the individual or other entity responsible shall pay the full removal fee and the full cost of replacement, in addition to any and all applicable fine(s). The Tree Warden shall annually establish the replacement value of trees. The Tree Warden shall have the power to enforce these regulations, and the authority to make rules and regulations necessary to implement and enforce to do so. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 31 APPENDIX 2-A. RANKING TREE SPECIES’ TOLERANCE TO DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS Table 1.5.1. Common tree species and their tolerance for development impacts. Adapted from Matheny & Clark, 1998 in the ISA Best Management Practices Manual. Moderate- Good Good Moderate Moderate-Poor Poor Boxelder Fir species Sycamore maple Silver maple Yellowwood (Acer negundo) (Abies spp.) (Acer pseudoplatanus) (Acer saccharinum) (Cladrastis kentukea) Red horsechestnut Norway maple Birch species Sugar maple (Acer Beech (Fagus spp.) (Aesculus × carnea) (Acer platanoides) (Betula spp.) saccharum) Serviceberry Red maple Hornbeam Flowering dogwood Walnut (Juglans (Amelanchier spp.) (Acer rubrum) (Carpinus betulus) (Cornus florida) spp.) Bitternut hickory Hawthorn Shagbark hickory Black cherry (Carya (Crataegus spp.) (Carya ovata) (Prunus serotina) cordiformis) Cypress (Cupressus Pignut hickory Mockernut hickory Scarlet oak (Quercus spp.) (Carya glabra) (Carya tomentosa) coccinea) Ginkgo Catalpa (Catalpa Pagoda dogwood Linden (Ginkgo biloba) spp.) (Cornus alternifolia) (Tilia spp.) Locust species Hackberry Silverbell Hemlock (Robinia spp.) (Celtis occidentalis) (Halesia spp.) (Tsuga spp.) Kentucky coffeetree Black gum Tamarack (Gymnocladus dioicus) (Nyssa sylvatica) (Larix laricina) Tuliptree Holly Spruce (Liriodendron (Ilex spp.) (Picea spp.) tulipifera) American Poplar species sycamore Snowbell species (Populus spp.) (Platanus (Styrax spp.) occidentalis) Bur oak Swamp white oak (Quercus (Quercus bicolor) macrocarpa) Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 32  Moderate- Good Moderate Moderate-Poor Poor Good Overcup oak Pin oak (Quercus lyrata) (Quercus palustris) Chinkapin oak Chestnut oak (Quercus (Quercus montana) muehlenbergii) Sassafras species Northern red oak (Sassafras spp.) (Quercus rubra) Black oak (Quercus velutina) Willow species (Salix spp.) Elm species (Ulmus spp.) Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 33 APPENDIX 2-B. TREE PROTECTION SIGNAGE EXAMPLES Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 34 SECTION III. SIDEWALK DESIGN BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Street trees must compete for space in Worcester’s narrow Right of Way (ROW) with a number of other necessary functions, such as parking, bike lanes, accessible sidewalk space, utilities, and traffic signs. When a tree is planted in a site without adequate space for its roots to grow, not only is the tree’s health negatively impacted, but conflicts with sidewalks resulting in cracking and heaving are common. Once this occurs, it can be a challenge to ensure safe access while preserving the tree’s health. Implementing specific sidewalk designs, using innovative soil engineering and/or alternative materials, selecting suitable tree species, and other proactive strategies should all be considered in the initial planning stages of a project in the ROW to avoid future conflicts. The proper strategies and solutions for a project are unique based on the nature of the conflict, site location, budget, timeframe, and other factors. Topics covered in this section: 3.1. Sidewalk design • Full Sidewalk • Grass Strip • Bump out • Bridging • Meandering Sidewalk 3.2. Soil engineering & alternative materials 3.3. Preventative strategies to avoid sidewalk damage 3.4. Remedial strategies to address existing sidewalk damage Appendix 3-C. Selected hardy trees for containers Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 35 3.1. SIDEWALK DESIGN Full sidewalk (Figure 3.1.1) Full sidewalks extend from the back of the curb to the Uses: New construction, edge of the right-of-way. Tree pits should be installed sidewalk reconstruction, best for downtown projects. whenever possible on full sidewalks. Pros: Potential to incorporate Continuous Tree Lawns – Sidewalk continuous path of understory vegetation and travel should be minimum of 5 feet wide. bioswales. Tree Pits – Sidewalk continuous path of travel should be Cons: Finding space may be a minimum of 4 feet wide to allow space for larger challenge. mobility devices given that the sidewalk will expand out beyond them to provide area of passing. • Where you cannot get 4 feet of ADA compliant concrete, a combination of no less than 3 feet of concrete and a rubberized tree pit material suitable for some walking/rolling purpose is required. • All tree pits are to have a minimum dimension of 5x5’ for small and medium trees (<45 feet at maturity), and a minimum of 6x6’ for large trees (>45 feet at maturity). • For new developments and major alterations, one small or medium tree must be provided for every 20-25 feet of curb frontage, or a large tree for every 35 feet. Grass strip (Figure 3.1.2) Uses: New construction, street Strip of turf grass between a sidewalk and curb that improvement, best for residential allows for planting trees along the curb. Commonly projects. found in residential areas with low-volume pedestrian traffic. Pros: Enhances streetscape with additional space for plantings, • In Worcester, grass strips are installed on intercepts and cleans stormwater any residential street capable of fitting both runoff. a 5-foot sidewalk and a 5-foot grass strip. Cons: Opening car doors may injure tree trunks in areas without strategically painted parking lines. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 36 Figure 3.1.1. Full sidewalk design. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 37 Figure 3.1.2. Grass strip design. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 38 Bump out (Figures 3.1.3 & 3.1.4) Uses: New construction, sidewalk Also known as a curb extension, the width of the sidewalk reconstruction, remedial, for is extended by a curved, gradual, or boxed design. Bump residential or downtown projects outs should always be marked in a way to alert Pros: Enhances streetscape with snowplows and drivers of its presence. Millbury, MA additional space for plantings, installed bump outs downtown as part of the Armory intercepts and cleans stormwater Village Revitalization Project. runoff, calms traffic. Cons: May be expensive to install, limit street parking, and/or require additional stormwater management structures. Figure 3.1.3. Bump out conceptual designs Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 39  Figure 3.1.4. Bump out design. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 40 Meandering sidewalk (Figures 3.1.5 and 3.1.6) Uses: Remedial, new construction, Sidewalk dividing grass strip and back of sidewalk sidewalk reconstruction, for is strategically curved to provide more space residential or downtown projects. between the tree and sidewalk. Pros: Aesthetically unique. Cons: May be expensive to install. Figure 3.1.5. Meandering sidewalks conceptual design Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 41 Figure 3.1.6 Meandering sidewalk design. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 42 Bridging (Figures 3.1.7 and 3.1.8) Bridging sidewalks over roots facilitates root growth Uses: New sidewalks near by raising the sidewalk with concrete piers or a base existing trees with surface roots, layer for support. remedial, for residential or downtown projects • The following is the City of Worcester’s requirement for sidewalks with a bridge to Pros: Removes tripping hazard, ensure safe transportation: quick fix. o No more than a 5% slope from Cons: May need future beginning of rise to top of bridge and maintenance. the same going back down the other way. o No more than a 2% cross slope of the sidewalk from edge to edge, in either direction. Figure 3.1.7. Sidewalk bridging conceptual design. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 43 Figure 3.1.8. Sidewalk bridging design. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 44 Permanent planter (Figures 3.1.9 and 3.1.10) Decorative planters are containers of varying shapes and sizes that allow for trees and other vegetation to be planted on sites that cannot support trees in-ground. Planters must provide adequate soil volume for the root growth of a small tree species. Soil is the key buffering agent in insulating the trees’ roots against winter temperatures, therefore the largest possible planter option should be considered. • Tree species will experience a wider range of temperature extremes being in aboveground planters. Therefore, species selected for planters should be one-to-two USDA zones hardier (for Worcester, that would be hardiness zones 3 or 4)) to increase winter survival potential. Selected species should also be tolerant of drought and restricted or limited soil volume. • See Appendix 3-C for a list of Northeast Winter-Hardy Container Trees provided by The University of Massachusetts Amherst. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 45 Figure 3.1.9. Ornamental beech (Fagus spp.) in a permanent planter. Source: R.Harper & D.Ryan, UMass Amherst. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 46 Figure 3.1.10. Permanent planter design. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 47 3.2. SOIL ENGINEERING & ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS Engineered soil expands space for both pedestrian use and tree root growth while also improving growing conditions by increasing access to water and soil nutrients. In some cases, the use of porous soil materials may qualify for stormwater credits. Alternative materials are typically designed for easy installation and maintenance. Structural soils Created by Cornell University, structural soils are a matrix of angular stone, clay, and organic matter that can bear loads. This aggregate retains porosity under compaction, and the soil portion remains effectively uncompacted and suitable for root growth. The clay and organic matter are “suspended” between the compacted stone. Suspended pavement A modular suspended system of “cells” that optimizes soil volume, and thereby, stormwater infiltration. Trees appear to be planted below grade but have access to as much soil as is available in the suspended soil cell project area – effectively a large underground planter. • The Christian Science Center in Boston is likely the oldest suspended pavement installation in the United States, completed in 1968 and still successfully in use today. Pervious concrete Mixture of cement, coarse aggregate, and water, using little or no fine aggregate to leave voids that allow water to pass through. Permeable interlocking concrete pavers Pavers have voids at the joints that create openings for water to pass through. Commonly seen on city streetscapes. Rubber/non-concrete sidewalks Recycled materials used to accommodate tree root growth, frost heave, and foot and vehicular traffic without damage. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 48  • Santa Monica, CA uses pervious and flexible rubber pavement produced from recycled tires for an ADA compliant walking surface over tree roots that have previously caused sidewalk damage. Flexible porous materials. Pervious, non-cracking, insulating, and flexible materials such as Flexi-Pave® are used not only as sidewalks, but inside the tree pit. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 49 3.3. PREVENTATIVE STRATEGIES TO AVOID SIDEWALK DAMAGE Strategic sidewalk design along with the use of engineered soils and alternate materials should be coupled with simple planning approaches – most of which have little or no associated costs. Choosing small species Many cities have set standards for which species may be permitted for different sized tree pits (e.g., only tree species that grow to <X feet at maturity may be planted in Y’xY’ tree pits). • In Worcester, tree pits with the minimum dimensions of 5x5’ for small and medium sized tree species (<45’ at maturity) and 6x6’ for large tree species (>45’ at maturity) are required. Regulations and site restrictions Tree Ordinances may be effective in regulating tree species size relative to tree pit size, minimum soil volume of tree pits, and materials or sidewalk designs to use. • The City of Charlotte, NC includes a minimum soil volume in their Tree Ordinance. Root barriers Root barriers can be used alongside hardscapes to deflect roots and direct them to grow deeper into the soil. They are made from plastic, fabric, or any impermeable durable material that can withstand burial in soil for an extended period of time; materials are sometimes infused with herbicides. Root barriers must be at least 18” deep, and the top must be above soil grade to be effective. In compacted soils, and soils with a high water table, roots may grow under the barrier and up the other side, but in well-drained soil, roots may remain at deeper depths longer. • Contractor shall install root barriers in tree pits during full roadway reconstruction projects. All root barrier materials and installation plans must be approved by the Tree Warden, City Forester, or their designee before installation. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 50 Setback plantings Setback trees are planted beyond the public Right of Way (BROW) on private property. BROW plantings may be the best or only option depending on the sidewalk or site’s condition. Setback plantings are a priority for Worcester’s Department of Sustainability & Resilience. This approach requires coordination with property owners, as the City only performs work within the public ROW. • In 2010, Worcester began its Adopt-a-Tree Program to enable residents to request a setback tree. Under this program, residents submit a request, the Tree Warden then offers a species and location recommendation, and when both parties come to an agreement, The City of Worcester’s Department of Public Works and Parks (DPW&P) Forestry Operations plant the tree. Following the planting, all subsequent maintenance is the responsibility of the resident. Incentives for private property Providing an option for residents to plant a tree on their property for a subsidized, low, or no cost may increase their level of participation. Worcester’s Department of Sustainability & Resilience may consider offering incentives for residents. • Cities’ approaches vary: costs may be waived or reduced, installation may be outsourced or in-house, and watering and maintenance may be the responsibility of the resident or the city. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 51 3.4. REMEDIAL STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS EXISTING SIDEWALK DAMAGE Although proper planning is the key to avoiding sidewalk conflicts, there are methods of remediation that can be used to mitigate existing issues. Bridging ADA guidance Raising the sidewalk with concrete piers or a base Adhering to Accessibility Standards is layer for support – see Section 3.1. required in all circumstances and is critical to ensuring an equitable community. Tree Ramping roots near sidewalks commonly need to Adding asphalt, concrete, or an alternative material be addressed for routes to be firm, to smoothly join the lifted sidewalk with the original smooth, and free of large gaps. grade. • Vertical trip hazards should not Grinding exceed 0.25”, although they may Grinding down the edges of a sidewalk to lessen a be up to 0.5” if they are beveled to lift. a maximum 1:2 or 50 percent slope. Jacking up • The minimum clear width Pumping grout into a sidewalk’s sub-base can create requirement for continuous a smooth transition between edges. pedestrian routes is 5’, exclusive of the width of curb stones. In the Expanding tree pits case of tree pits causing a Removing damaged sidewalk and increasing soil pedestrian path of less than 4’, a volume for the tree’s roots to grow – See Section 3.1. combination of no less than 3’ of concrete and a rubberized tree pit Tree Removal material suitable for some Removing a tree causing sidewalk damage should walking/rolling purpose is always be considered the last possible option and required. The tree pit and all should be weighed against the current condition of material should be either at the tree, the value/benefit it provides to the sidewalk level OR be bordered on 3 community, the cost of remediation, and the sides by curbing/fence to prevent view/opinion of adjacent property owners. A tree them from becoming a hazard. hearing would be required to remove a live, healthy tree in Worcester. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 52 APPENDIX 3-C. SELECTED HARDY TREES FOR CONTAINERS Tree species selections that may be appropriate for above-ground planters, based on growing conditions in Worcester’s hardiness zone 5. Table 3.4.1. Selected hardy trees for containers. Common Name Latin Name Weeping Blue Atlas Cedar Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca’ Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Hinoki Cypress Chamaecyparis obtusa ‘Compacta’ Hawthorns Crataegus spp. Ginkgo (male only) Ginkgo biloba Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos Holly Ilex spp. Pagoda Tree Styphnolobium japonicum Yew Taxus spp. Arborvitae Thuja occidentalis Japanese Zelkova Zelkova serrata Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 53 SECTION IV. TREE PRUNING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Tree pruning is an important part of maintaining a sustainable and resilient urban forest in Worcester. This section of the manual provides comprehensive guidelines and recommendations to ensure proper pruning practices and industry standards are followed. It covers various aspects of tree pruning, including objectives, techniques, timing, and considerations for specific situations like pruning near utility lines. By adhering to the best management practices outlined in this section, Worcester aims to maintain healthy, structurally sound trees while enhancing their aesthetics and promoting public safety. Topics covered in this section: 4.1 Tree pruning practices 4.2 Tree pruning specifications 4.3 Electrical hazards 4.4 Pruning young trees[ Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 54 4.1 TREE PRUNING PRACTICES All pruning must be performed in accordance with the latest revision of the ANSI A300 and Z133.1 standards, and the International Society of Arboriculture’s Tree Pruning Best Management Practices. It may be necessary to climb trees to perform tree trimming in accordance with these specifications - tree climbing with spikes or any equipment that can damage the tree is prohibited. Extreme care shall be taken to prevent limbs, branches, and trunks from falling and creating damage to adjacent homes, driveways, sidewalks, streets and other property, both public and private. Limbs and branches larger than four (4) inches in diameter shall be lowered to the ground using ropes or other mechanical devices. 4.2 TREE PRUNING SPECIFICATIONS The purpose of Worcester’s street tree pruning program is to manage tree health, develop/improve structure, mitigate risk, provide clearance, and improve aesthetics. All pruning shall be performed in accordance with the latest revision of the ANSI A300 and Z133.1 standards, and the International Society of Arboriculture’s Tree Pruning Best Management Practices. Unacceptable trimming practices include peeling or tearing of the bark, topping, or pollarding, lion’s tailing, rounding-over or shearing. Extreme care shall be taken to prevent limbs and branches from falling and inflicting damage on adjacent homes, driveways, sidewalks, streets, and other property, both public and private. The following specifications shall be followed: 1. A natural pruning system shall be utilized. Live branches shall be removed to maintain the natural form and appearance of the tree. Mutilation and loss of characteristic shape of the tree is prohibited. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 55  a. Pruning activities should remove no more living material than is necessary to achieve the tree pruning objectives outlined in these specifications. 2. Trees shall be pruned to remove all dead, diseased, broken and crossing branches that are 2” in diameter or larger. a. When raising lower branches for clearance, care should be given to maintain symmetry. Cuts shall not be made so large that it will prevent normal sap flow. Prune enough to maintain several years of clearance; before smaller secondary and tertiary limbs will be below the required clearance height. Raise lower scaffold branches… i. for a minimum of 10 feet of clearance to the ground under the dripline from the street curb to residence. ii. Raise lower scaffold branches for a minimum of 15 feet of clearance to the ground under the dripline over the street. 3. Trees shall be pruned to provide clear, unobstructed views of street signs, traffic signs and traffic signals. 4. When street tree limbs are in conflict with private trees or are overhanging structures, trees shall be pruned to provide clearance. 5. Remove old stubs leaving the branch collar intact. 6. “Natural” or “Drop-crotch” technique shall be used when removing or shortening branches. 7. No hanger shall be left in tree after trimming is complete. 8. For young and medium trees (1-15” DBH) prune to develop/improve structure. 9. Develop dominate leader(s) and scaffold branches appropriate for the species and the site while maintaining the tree’s natural shape. a. Subordinate or remove competing leader, branches, or shoots (subordination is preferred over removal) while maintaining the tree’s natural shape. b. Subordinate or remove branches that have poor branch angles, including branches with included bark. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 56  c. Remove suckers and stump sprouts. 10. No more than 1/3 of the living branches shall be removed. 11. To allow for proper wound closure to occur, all cuts shall be made sufficiently close to the trunk or parent limb without cutting into the branch bark ridge or branch collar (Figure 4.2.1) or leaving a protruding stub. Clean cuts shall be made at all times. Figure 4.2.1. Source: “How to Prune Trees,” USDA Forest Service 12. Branches shall be pre-cut when necessary to prevent splitting or peeling of the bark ( Figure 4.2.2). 13. All necessary precautions should be taken to prevent unnecessary damage to the remaining tree. 14. To avoid unnecessarily large cuts do not remove limbs that are greater than one-third (1/3) the diameter of the trunk unless directed by the City. 15. Oak, elm, and crabapple trees are only to be pruned between November and March 15 or as directed by the City, to prevent the spread of diseases If, with City permission, an Oak/Elm must be pruned between April and October, wound/latex paint must be applied to the pruning cut to avoid the spread of diseases. Figure 4.2.1. Source: “How to Prune Trees, USDA Forest Service” 16. For diseased trees, tools shall be sterilized between pruning cuts, to avoid spreading disease to unaffected branches. 4.3 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS The Contractor(s) is expected to follow safety precautions as outlined in ANSI Z133 section 5 - Electrical Hazards, including but not limited to: 1. If the minimal approach distance cannot be maintained during pruning operations, electrical system owner/operator shall be advised before any work is performed in proximity to energized electrical conductors. The Contractor(s) is also responsible for Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 57  notifying the utility companies as to when service can be restored and to cooperate with the utility companies to ensure service is restored prior to night fall each day. 2. Only qualified line-clearance arborists or trainees shall be assigned to work where an electrical hazard exists. 4.4 PRUNING YOUNG TREES Young trees need periodic pruning to develop good form and branching structure – reducing future public safety risks and increasing the tree’s longevity. All pruning of the City’s trees must be performed by an ISA Certified Arborist and shall be in accordance with the latest revision of ANSI A300 Standard Practices for Trees, Shrubs, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance. Pruning should be kept to a minimum for the first year after tree installation to allow the tree to use its existing foliage to manufacture carbohydrates for growth. In order to structurally prune a young tree, the first step is to identify the stem that will make the best dominant leader. Although there may be several options, the selected leader should be centered and upright, and free of damage or other defects that could compromise its strength. The leader’s identification steers the following pruning decisions, as branches and stems in competition should be removed or subordinated. Competition includes stems similar in height, and stems and branches that are larger than half the diameter of the trunk. Scaffolding must be considered, making sure to remove branches that are clustered together and growing from the same point on the trunk, or are crossing. Temporary branches may be retained along the trunk of young trees to encourage taper and protect trees from vandalism and sun scald. They should be pruned annually to slow their growth and should be removed eventually. Trees should be pruned of all dead, diseased, and dying branches in addition to their structural pruning. No more than 20% of the living crown of an individual tree shall be removed. A sharp hand saw or pruners shall be used, and must be cleaned thoroughly with alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or chlorine bleach before pruning. In the case of trees known to be infected with diseases such as ceratocystis, hypoxylon canker, oak wilt, or verticillium wilt, the tool must be cleaned after each cut. Treatment of cuts and wounds with wound dressing or paints has not been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing decay and shall not be used. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 58 All cut limbs shall be removed from the crown upon completion of the pruning. Clean-up of branches, logs, or any other debris resulting from any tree pruning shall be promptly and properly accomplished. The work area shall be kept safe and under total control of the contractor at all times until the clean-up operation is completed. Under no condition shall the accumulation of brush, branches, logs, or other debris be allowed upon a public property in such a manner as to result in a public hazard. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 59 SECTION V. TREE INSPECTION & RISK ASSESSMENT The City of Worcester’s Department of Public Works and Parks (DPW&P) Forestry Operations is responsible for managing over 23,100 street trees and 8,500 potential planting sites along the city’s 495 miles of public streets, and thousands of trees growing in city parks. These trees are a valuable asset providing environmental, economic, and social benefits to Worcester, including reducing stormwater runoff, improving air quality, and storing and sequestering carbon. Due to the great value Worcester places on its street and park trees, there is a process that must be followed before a public tree is removed. The City does not inspect or remove trees on private property, only those growing in the public Right of Way (ROW). Worcester’s tree inspection procedure is as follows: 1. Initiation Report a Tree Concern 2. Assessment Phone: 311 3. Maintenance Plan Email: 311@worcesterma.gov 4. Response Online: www.worcesterma.gov/311 5. Closure 5.1 Initiation The Worcester Forestry Division is notified of the need for a tree inspection via the city’s 311 system. 5.2 Assessment The Forestry Division schedules the tree inspection and sends a qualified arborist to conduct it. The tree inspection includes determining ownership and performing a risk assessment (Figure 5.0.1). • Public or Private Tree? Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 60  The arborist determines whether the tree is a public or private tree based on the city GIS system, property markers (if available), city survey records, and aerial imagery and parcel boundaries (if available). If the tree is determined to be a public tree, the process continues. If the tree is determined to be a private tree, skip to step 5: Closure. • Risk Assessment If the tree is determined to be a public tree, the arborist conducts a basic risk assessment in line with ANSI A300 Part 91 and the companion publication Best Management Practices: Tree Risk Assessment standards. Risk assessments consider both the site and the tree. • Site o Tree location in relation to surrounding infrastructure, such as buildings, utilities, parking areas, recreational facilities, etc. What could be damaged if the tree or part of the tree falls? o Suitability of location to support the tree. Is the growing space sufficient for a tree of that size? o Wind and weather that the tree is likely to be exposed to. How might common weather conditions impact the tree? o Specific characteristics of the location, such as slope, soil saturation, soil depth, soil compaction, and restrictions to root growth. How might site characteristics impact the root structure and stability of the tree? o Recent changes to the site, such as construction, trenching for utilities, erosion, tree clearing, or root cutting for roads or sidewalks. How might site changes have impacted the stability and health of the tree? • Tree o Species. What are the common failure points for this species? Is this an invasive or otherwise undesirable species? What should an individual of this species look like under ideal conditions? o Indicators of tree health, such as growth rate, leaf characteristics, and signs of damage or decay. Is the tree growing vigorously? Are there signs of pest or disease problems? Are there signs of damage or decay? Are parts of the tree dead or dying? Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 61  o Structure of the tree trunk, roots, and branches. Are there structural defects, such as codominant stems, included bark in branch unions, or significant lean in the trunk? • Risk Rating The arborist synthesizes the information from the risk assessment to assign a risk rating to the tree. Risk ratings, from highest to lowest priority for maintenance, are: Extreme → High → Moderate → Low 5.3 Maintenance Plan Based on the information gathered during the risk assessment and the final risk rating, the arborist selects a maintenance plan for the tree: removal, pruning, or no maintenance. • Remove. A tree is recommended for removal under the following circumstances: o The tree is rated extreme risk. All extreme risk trees pose too great a hazard to retain and will be removed as soon as possible. o The tree is rated high risk AND risk cannot be reduced to low via pruning. These trees will be removed as soon as possible o The tree is rated moderate risk AND risk cannot be reduced to low via pruning. These trees will be removed as soon as possible after higher priority tree work is complete o The tree is rated low risk AND is dead or has significant canopy dieback. All dead trees and dying trees with significant canopy dieback from which they cannot recover will be removed from public areas of Worcester. These trees will be removed after higher priority tree work is complete and when time and resources are available. • Prune. A tree is recommended to be pruned under the following circumstances: o The tree is rated high risk AND risk can be reduced to low risk via pruning. These trees will be pruned as soon as possible . o The tree is rated moderate risk AND risk can be reduced to low risk via pruning. These trees will be pruned as soon as possible after higher priority tree work is complete. • No Maintenance. A tree does not require any maintenance under the following circumstances: Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 62  o The tree is rated low risk AND tree is not dead and does not have significant canopy dieback. 5.4 Response The arborist records their observations of the inspected tree in TreeKeeper® and, if necessary, creates a work record in TreeKeeper® requesting the recommended maintenance. The 311 call initiator is alerted via letter of the results of the tree inspection and the intended maintenance plan. The recommended tree maintenance is conducted in priority order from trees with the highest assessed risk to trees with the lowest assessed risk. 5.5 Closure Once maintenance is complete, the tree information and work records for the tree are updated in TreeKeeper®. The 311 request is formally closed. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 63 Figure 5.0.1. Tree inspection and risk assessment process. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 64  Number Revision Description Section Date Revised Revised By 1 New document All August 2023 Davey Resource Group, Inc. Worcester BMP Manual May 2025 (Draft) 65  WORCESTER TREE BMP MANUAL COMPARISON TO MASSACHUSETTS & INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICES WITH PRIORITY RECOMMENDATIONS Prepared in coordination with the Worcester Urban Forestry Commission October 2025 Prepared by Joe Johnson with assistance from ChatGPT (GPT-5) 1|Page PART I – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report compares the Worcester Tree Best Management Practices (BMP) Manual (May 2025 Draft) with Massachusetts and national urban forestry standards. It highlights where Worcester’s draft aligns and where specific additions or clarifications would ensure full compliance with statewide and national best practices. Key benefits of adopting the recommended updates include: • Stronger alignment with ANSI/ISA and MassDOT specifications. • Improved ADA/PROWAG accessibility compliance. • Enhanced tree protection during construction. • Expanded flexibility for community and equity plantings. • Greater clarity in permitting and enforcement procedures. 2|Page PART II –WORCESTER BMP COMPARISON TO BENCHMARKS WITH PROPOSED ACTIONS Topic Worcester Benchmark Match / Proposed Action BMP Standard Gaps Reference Standards pp. 1–2 ANSI A300 & Z133 Meets Add edition control Referenced table Planting & pp. 3–11 DCR Urban Meets / Allow smaller- Stock Forestry Partial caliper/bare-root Guidelines option Watering & pp. 9–11 MassDOT Section Meets Add explicit Mulch M6 reference to Section M6 Tree pp. 12–34 ISA BMP 3rd Ed. Exceeds Add TPZ formula Protection (1.5 ft/in DBH) Sidewalk pp. 35–53 ADA/PROWAG Meets / Add ADA citation Design Partial Legal pp. 31–34 MGL c.87 Meets Add Tree Permits & Enforcement Hearings appendix Note: for details see Part III – Expanded Priority Recommendations 3|Page PART III – RECOMMENDATIONS 1. ADD EDITION CONTROL TABLE FOR ANSI/ISA STANDARDS (PP. 1–2) Rationale Worcester’s BMP Manual correctly cites ANSI A300 and ANSI Z133 standards but does not specify the edition years in use. Because these standards are periodically updated, edition control ensures that staff and contractors apply the most current, legally defensible practices. Including a simple reference table at the beginning of the manual also helps procurement staff confirm which versions govern contract performance. Implementation Example Add a table on pages 1–2 listing each standard: Governing Standard Title Edition Body ANSI A300 (Part Pruning 2023 ANSI / ISA 1) ANSI A300 (Part Planting and Transplanting 2018 ANSI / ISA 6) Safety Requirements for Arboricultural ANSI Z133 2024 ANSI / TCIA Operations ISA BMP Managing Trees During Construction 2022 ISA Supporting Evidence • ANSI A300 (Parts 1–10) and Z133 (2024) define national standards for tree care operations. • Cambridge Urban Forestry Manual (2022) and Somerville Tree Standards (2021) use edition- controlled tables for clarity. Recommendation Add a one-page Edition Control Table at the front of the BMP Manual listing each ANSI/ISA standard cited, edition year, and publisher to establish clear reference control. 2. CITE ADA / PROWAG ACCESSIBILITY STANDARDS (PP. 35–53) Rationale Tree-related sidewalk design must meet federal accessibility standards to prevent trip hazards and ensure compliance with civil-rights law. The Public Rights-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines (PROWAG, 2023 Final Rule) and the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design govern cross- slopes, surface continuity, and clear widths where tree roots occur. Explicit citation protects the City from liability and supports coordination between forestry and engineering staff. 4|Page Implementation Example “All tree-related sidewalk design, repair, and maintenance shall conform to the 2010 ADA Standards (§ 403–405) and the U.S. Access Board’s Public Rights-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines (PROWAG) (2023 Final Rule).” Supporting Evidence • U.S. Access Board (2023) PROWAG Final Rule. • MassDOT (2024) Complete Streets Design Guidance, Chapter 5 – Pedestrian Facilities. • DOJ (2010) ADA Standards for Accessible Design. Recommendation Amend the Sidewalk Design section (pp. 35–53) to cite ADA and PROWAG explicitly and add a table summarizing slope, clearance, and surface requirements. 3. REFERENCE MASSDOT SECTION M6 FOR MULCH AND SOIL MATERIALS (PP. 9–11) Rationale Referencing the MassDOT Standard Specifications (Section M6 – Topsoil and Planting Materials; Section M7 – Mulch and Compost) ensures tested and approved materials for state and municipal projects. Aligning Worcester’s BMP Manual with these standards reduces procurement conflicts and ensures material quality. Implementation Example “Topsoil, loam, mulch, and compost shall conform to MassDOT Standard Specifications Sections M6.01.0–M6.03.0 and M7.01.0. Suppliers shall provide source certification before use.” Supporting Evidence • MassDOT (2021) Standard Specifications for Highways and Bridges, Sections M6–M7. • City of Boston (2022) Tree Planting Standards Manual. Recommendation Insert an explicit citation to MassDOT Sections M6–M7 within the Materials and Planting Specifications section (pp. 9–11) to formalize material quality and testing requirements. 4. ADD TREE PROTECTION ZONE (TPZ) FORMULA (PP. 17–19) Rationale A defined Tree Protection Zone (TPZ) standardizes fencing and soil protection distances on construction sites. The accepted formula is 1.5 feet per inch of DBH, supported by ISA and MassDOT guidance. Including this formula makes enforcement objective and defensible. Implementation Example “The Tree Protection Zone (TPZ) radius shall equal 1.5 feet for each inch of trunk diameter (DBH) measured 4.5 feet above grade. No grading, storage, or excavation may occur within this zone.” 5|Page Supporting Evidence • ISA (2022) BMP: Managing Trees During Construction. • MassDOT (2021) Landscape Standard 751.60. • Massachusetts DCR (2020) Urban and Community Forestry Tree Protection Guidelines. Recommendation Add the TPZ formula and illustration to the Tree Protection During Construction section (pp. 17–19) to standardize implementation and enforcement. 5. ALLOW SMALLER-CALIPER / BARE-ROOT TREES FOR EQUITY PLANTINGS (PP. 3–11) Rationale Smaller-caliper (1.0–1.5-inch DBH) and bare-root trees establish faster, suffer less transplant shock, and cost less to install. Permitting these for equity projects expands canopy coverage and community participation in low-resource areas while improving long-term survival rates. Implementation Example “For neighborhood or equity-focused tree planting programs, bare-root or containerized trees as small as 1.0-inch caliper may be used, provided planting occurs within the active growing season and follows ANSI A300 (Part 6) and ISA Best Management Practices: Tree Planting.” Supporting Evidence • Hauer et al. (2019) found that small-caliper and bare-root trees had higher three-year survival rates than large B&B trees. • Cambridge Urban Forestry Division (2023) and GreenRoots Chelsea use bare-root trees to lower costs by 30–60%. • DCR (2020) endorses small-caliper planting for better establishment and water-use efficiency. Recommendation Revise the Tree Planting and Stock section (pp. 3–11) to allow bare-root and small-caliper trees for community-based projects when planted according to ANSI A300 (Part 6) and ISA BMP standards. 6. ADD ONE-PAGE APPENDIX ON TREE PERMITS, HEARINGS, AND ENFORCEMENT (PP. 31–34) Rationale The BMP Manual references MGL Chapter 87 and City Ordinance Chapter 12 § 28 but lacks a concise procedural summary. A one-page appendix will provide staff, contractors, and residents with a quick reference for permits, hearings, appeals, and enforcement requirements. Implementation Example Add Appendix F – Tree Permits, Hearings, and Enforcement after the Legal Enforcement section (pp. 31–34) summarizing: • Permit requirements for work within public ways. • Public hearing process under MGL c. 87 § 3. 6|Page • Appeals to the Mayor under § 4. • Penalties for unauthorized work under § 6. • Coordination and record-keeping among DPW&P, Tree Warden, and Urban Forestry Commission. Supporting Evidence • MGL Chapter 87 – Shade Trees (§§ 1–6). • Worcester Revised Ordinances Chapter 12 § 28. • DCR (2018) Municipal Shade Tree Management Manual. • City of Worcester DPW&P Tree Warden Procedures (2025 update). Recommendation Insert Appendix F to summarize statutory procedures for permits, hearings, and enforcement, improving transparency and public understanding. PART IV – BIBLIOGRAPHY ANSI A300 Standards (Parts 1–10). American National Standards Institute / ISA, 2018– 2023. ANSI Z133 (2024). Tree Care Industry Association. ISA Best Management Practices Series (2018–2022). MassDOT Standard Specifications for Highways and Bridges, Sections M6–M7 (2021). U.S. Access Board (2023). Public Rights-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines (PROWAG). U.S. DOJ (2010). ADA Standards for Accessible Design. Hauer, R. J., et al. (2019). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 38, 200–208. Massachusetts DCR (2020). Urban and Community Forestry Tree Protection Guidelines. Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 87. Cambridge Urban Forestry Division (2023). Community Tree Planting Guidelines. 7|Page